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Notice (8): Undefined variable: node [APP/View/Themed/ForfusionNew/Elements/breadcrumbs.ctp, line 2]
Code Context
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if ($node['Node']['layout'] === 'minimal') return false;
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<section id="cms-element-1612" class="cms-element page-header">
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        <span class="pill-wrap color-blue3">White papers</span>
        <h1 class="color-blue3">In-depth white papers</h1>
                  <p class="text">Forfusion's team of experts share their insights and experience into the latest digital trends, discussions and solutions. </p>

                        </div>
    </div>
  </div>
</section>
<div class="popout book">
  <div class="popout-wrap">
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      <h2 class="color-blue3">Book Consultation</h2>
      <p>Simply enter your details below and we’ll contact you to arrange your free 30 minute consultation.</p>
    </div>
    <form action="/contact/book-consultation" novalidate="novalidate" id="booking-form-2314" autocomplete="off" method="post" accept-charset="utf-8"><div style="display:none;"><input type="hidden" name="_method" value="POST"/><input type="hidden" name="data[_Token][key]" value="cb90b88b2a1b1a0bfd1034e6ccc5a8af5f98649885cd2d1d86dd3c556ae5604a6083a3002795d41a013a7c5642ef58a31a027b392046ff15d158c48628cd7d4b" id="Token406918649" autocomplete="off"/></div>      <input type="hidden" name="data[Message][title]" class="form-control" value="Book Consultation: White Papers index" id="MessageTitle"/><input type="hidden" name="data[Message][g_recaptcha_score]" class="form-control GRecaptchaScore" id="GRecapthca-2314"/><div class="form-group float-label-control required"><label for="MessageName" class="moves">Full Name*</label><input name="data[Message][name]" class="form-control" required="required" placeholder="Type here...." maxlength="100" type="text" id="MessageName"/></div><div class="form-group float-label-control required"><label for="MessageEmail" class="moves">Email Address*</label><input name="data[Message][email]" class="form-control" required="required" placeholder="Type here...." maxlength="100" type="email" id="MessageEmail"/></div><div class="form-group float-label-control"><label for="MessageCompany" class="moves">Company*</label><input name="data[Message][company]" class="form-control" required="required" placeholder="Type here...." maxlength="100" type="text" id="MessageCompany"/></div><div class="form-group float-label-control"><label for="MessageJobTitle" class="moves">Job Title*</label><input name="data[Message][job_title]" class="form-control" required="required" placeholder="Type here...." maxlength="100" type="text" id="MessageJobTitle"/></div><input type="hidden" name="data[Message][body]" class="form-control" value="guide" id="MessageBody"/><div class="form-group checkbox"><input type="hidden" name="data[Message][consent]" id="consent_" value="0"/><input type="checkbox" name="data[Message][consent]" class="form-control" id="consent" value="1"/><label for="consent">I would like to recieve the latest news and insights from Forfusion.</label></div><button type="submit" class="btn-primary btn-primary-alt">Book now</button>     
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<div class="bg-white">
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    <h2 class="text-center text-sm-left">Browse our latest white papers</h2>
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              <h3 class="color-blue3">SD-WAN Technical Concepts</h3>
                              <p class="series">
                  <span class="pill-wrap color-blue3">Series One</span><br class="visible-xs-inline"> 3 of 3 
                  | in partnership with<br class="visible-xs-inline"> <img alt="CISCO logo" src="/uploads/whitepapers/Logo%20(1)%20(1).png">
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                            <p class="excerpt">This third white paper in the series on Software Defined (SD) technologies aims to cover in more detail some of the technical terms used, what these actually mean, the concepts they cover and how they fit together in the SD landscape.

</p>
              <p class="button-wrap"><a href="/insights/white-papers/sd-wan" class="btn-arrow move-left card-clickable-link">Read guide</a></p>
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                  <span class="pill-wrap color-blue3">Series One</span><br class="visible-xs-inline"> 2 of 3 
                  | in partnership with<br class="visible-xs-inline"> <img alt="CISCO logo" src="/uploads/whitepapers/Logo%20(1)%20(1).png">
                </p>
                            <p class="excerpt">A distilled overview of the concepts and terminologies that make up Application Centric Infrastructure (SDN for Data Centre) and more detail around how a Multi-Pod ACI implementation functions.</p>
              <p class="button-wrap"><a href="/insights/white-papers/aci-sdn-for-your-data-centre-de-mystified" class="btn-arrow move-left card-clickable-link">Read guide</a></p>
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              <img class="img-responsive thumb" src="/files/cms_form_value/image_path/5521/CmsFormValue_5ff831496ccdc.png" alt="Cover of Intent Based Campus Fabrics with Software Defined Access">
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                              <p class="series">
                  <span class="pill-wrap color-blue3">Series One</span><br class="visible-xs-inline"> 1 of 3 
                  | in partnership with<br class="visible-xs-inline"> <img alt="CISCO logo" src="/uploads/whitepapers/Logo%20(1)%20(1).png">
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                            <p class="excerpt">The industries that define our lives including healthcare, transportation, finance, retail, manufacturing and many others are rapidly changing. It’s inspirational, motivating and unstoppable.</p>
              <p class="button-wrap"><a href="/insights/white-papers/intent-based-campus-fabrics-with-software-defined-access" class="btn-arrow move-left card-clickable-link">Read guide</a></p>
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			'plain_text_content' => '  	 		 		               		White Paper: SD-WAN Technical Concepts Explained 		 				   						   						   							 			 				   						   						                                                                        	 	           		 		 		 		 		                                                      	      	   	                       	 	 	                                      				                                                                 				                        ExpertiseServicesInsightsCase StudiesContactSearch                                                                                                          				                                         Expertise CollaborationIntelligent WorkspaceEnterprise NetworkingData Centre &amp; CloudSecure WorkplaceServices Consulting ServicesTechnical ServicesProject ServicesManaged ServicesInsights GuidesWhite PapersCase StudiesContactSearch                                                                                                                                                           				                                                                    HomeInsightsWhite papersSD-WAN Technical Concepts                                                                              White Paper                   Series One3 of 3                           SD-WAN Technical Concepts         This third white paper in the series on Software Defined (SD) technologies aims to cover in more detail some of the technical terms used, what these actually mean, the concepts they cover and how they fit together in the SD landscape.                        Get white paper                                     In partnership with                                                               Get your White Paper     Enter your details below to receive your White Paper by email.                     First Name:                                Last Name:                                Email:                                Company:                                            I would like to receive the latest technology updates and notification of the next SDN white paper. Your data will be stored and handled in line with our Privacy policy                                              SD-WAN Technical Concepts              Get White Paper                                                             White Paper 01            Intent Based Campus Fabrics with Software Defined Access                                                                       White Paper 02            ACI (SDN for your Data Centre) De-mystified                                                                       White Paper 03            SD-WAN Technical Concepts                                                                     What\'s included in this White Paper?                    This third white paper in the series on Software Defined (SD) technologies aims to cover the technical terms used in SD-WAN, what they mean and how they fit together. We will also look at how the Primary SDN Components contribute to the efficiencies and benefits of utilising SD technologies.    In-depth explanation of technical terms used in SD-WAN  Insight into how the concepts fit together in the SD landscape  Exactly how do vSmart, vEdge, vBond and vManage interlink?                                                                                            Download White Paper            Download our White Paper to discover in-depth insight into SD-WAN technical concepts.                       Download                                                            Introduction                    This third white paper in the series on Software Defined (SD) technologies aims to cover in more detail some of the technical terms used, what these actually mean, the concepts they cover and how they fit together in the SD landscape.  We will see exactly how vSmart, vEdge, vBond and vManage interlink and how the services used to manage these components and systems contribute to the efficiencies and benefits of utilising SD technologies.  SD-WAN Technical Concepts  There are various technical terms used in SD-WAN todescribe networking concepts which may be familiar, as they have direct analogues in traditional networking and quite a lot in common with WAN delivery methods such as DMVPN (Dynamic Multipoint Virtual Private Network).    vSmart The vSmart controller is the brains of SD-WAN, it is the centralised policy controller and delivers the control plane for all connected SD routers in the domain.

  vEdge The vEdge is the SD-WAN router, it&rsquo;s software and can be hosted on multiple device types including certain hypervisors.

  vBond The vBond is part of the orchestration and zero touch deployment of SD-WAN, a vBond tells the vEdge which vSmart will be responsible for its configuration and policies.

  vManage The vManage is the policy and management plane (interface) for the whole SD-WAN environment. The vManage interface allows a single point of management for the whole SD-WAN.    Domain ID  A domain is a logical grouping of vEdge routers and vSmart controllers that demarcates the span of control for the vSmart controllers.  Each domain is identified by a unique integer, called the domain ID. Currently, you can configure only one domain in an SD-WAN overlay network.  Within a domain, vEdge routers can connect only with the vSmart controllers in their own domain. The vBond orchestrator is aware of which vSmart controllers are in which domain, so that when new vEdge routers come up, the vBond orchestrator can point those routers to the vSmart controllers in the proper domain. However, the vBond orchestrator is never a member of a domain.  Within a domain there is full synchronization of routing information among the vSmart controllers and vEdge routers, and there is scope for route aggregation and summarization. An organization can divide up its network into domains to serve desired business purposes. For example, domains can correspond to a large geographic area or to data centers so that each data center and the branches for which it is responsible are contained within a single domain.                                                                                          Download White Paper            Download our White Paper to discover in-depth insight into SD-WAN technical concepts.                       Download                                                            System IP Address                    Each vEdge router and vSmart controller is assigned a system IP address, which identifies the physical system independently of any interface addresses.  This address is similar to the router ID on a regular router. The system IP address provides permanent network overlay addresses for vEdge routers and vSmart controllers, and allows the physical interfaces to be renumbered as needed without affecting the reachability of the SD-WAN device. You write the system IP address as you would an IPv4 address, in decimal four-part dotted notation.  Transport Location (TLOC)  A TLOC identifies the physical interface where a vEdge router connects to the WAN transport network or to a NAT gateway. A TLOC is identified by a number of properties, the primary of which is an IP address&ndash;colour pair.  Colour  In the APIC GUI a VRF is also called a &lsquo;context&rsquo; or &lsquo;private network&rsquo;  Overlay Management Protocol (OMP)  The SD-WAN overlay networks are controlled by OMP, effectively this is the control plane of SD-WAN overlay routing. OMP allows the building of scalable, dynamic, on-demand, and secure VPNs.  SD-WAN uses a centralised controller for easy orchestration, with full intent based policy control that includes granular access control and a scalable secure data plane between all edge nodes. SD-WAN allows edge nodes to communicate directly over any type of transport network, consumer grade public internet connectivity, business grade public internet connectivity metro Ethernet, MPLS or LTE.  OMP is the protocol responsible for establishing and maintaining the SD-WAN control plane, as such it provides the following services:    Orchestration of overlay network communication, including connectivity among network sites, service chaining, and VPN topologies.  Distribution of service-level routing information and related location mappings.  Distribution of data plane security parameters.  Centralised control and distribution of routing policies.    On vSmart controllers and vEdge routers, OMP advertises to its peers the routes and services that it has learned from its local site, along with their corresponding TLOC. These are called OMP routes, to distinguish them from standard IP routes. It is through OMP routes that the vSmart controllers learn the network topology and the available service.  The SD-WAN control plane architecture uses three types of OMP routes:    OMP routes - Prefixes that establish reachability between end points that use the OMP-orchestrated transport network. OMP routes can represent services in a central data center, services at a branch office, or collections of hosts and other end points in any location of the overlay network. OMP routes require and resolve into TLOCs for functional forwarding. In comparison with BGP, an OMP route is the equivalent of a prefix carried in any of the BGP AFI/SAFI (Address Family Indicator/ Subsequent Address Family Indicator) fields.

  TLOC&rsquo;s - Identifiers that tie an OMP route to a physical location. The TLOC is the only entity of the OMP routing domain that is visible to the underlying network, and it must be reachable via routing in the underlying network. A TLOC can be directly reachable via an entry in the routing table of the physical network, or it must be represented by a prefix residing on the outside of a NAT device and must be included in the routing table. In comparison with BGP, the TLOC acts as the next hop for OMP routes.

  Service routes - Identifiers that tie an OMP route to a service in the network, specifying the location of the service in the network. Services include firewalls, Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS), and load balancers.                                                                                            Download White Paper            Download our White Paper to discover in-depth insight into SD-WAN technical concepts.                       Download                                                            Site ID                    A site is a particular physical location within the SD-WAN overlay network, such as a branch office, a data center, or a campus.  Each site is identified by a unique integer, called a site ID. Each SD-WAN device at a site is identified by the same site ID. So within a data center, all the vSmart controllers and any vEdge routers are configured with the same site ID. A branch office or local site typically has a single vEdge router, but if a second one is present for redundancy, both routers are configured with the same site ID.  SD-WAN Data plane and security  The SD-WAN implementation of data plane authentication and encryption establishes security associations between each pair of devices that want to exchange data, but it dispenses with Internet Key Exchange (IKE) altogether. Instead, to provide a scalable solution to data plane key exchange, the SD-WAN takes advantage of the fact that the Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS) control plane connections in the SD-WAN overlay network are known to be secure. Because the SD-WAN control plane establishes authenticated, encrypted, and tamperproof connections, there is no need in the data plane to set up secure communications channels to perform data plane authentication.  In the SD-WAN network, data plane encryption and key generation are done by AES-256, a symmetric-key algorithm that uses the same key to encrypt outgoing packets and to decrypt incoming packets. Each vEdge router periodically generates an AES key for its data path (specifically, one key per TLOC) and transmits this key to the vSmart controller in OMP route packets, which are similar to IP route updates. These packets contain information that the vSmart controller uses to determine the network topology, including the vEdge router&rsquo;s TLOC and AES key. The vSmart controller then places these OMP route packets into reachability advertisements that it sends to the other vEdge routers in the network. In this way, the AES keys for all the vEdge routers are distributed across the network. Even though the key exchange is symmetric, SD-WAN devices use it in an asymmetric fashion. The result is a simple and scalable key exchange process that does not use per-pair keys.  SD-WAN feature: Service Chaining  Service chaining allows data traffic to be rerouted through one or more services, such as firewall, load balancer, or IDS without requiring an instance of the services to be physically deployed at each site. Service chaining can allow an SD-WAN deployment to have virtualised instances of a firewall be instantiated using a cloud provision (public or private).  Usually these devices are associated with a physical appliance and are hosted in a resilient pair on each site, the inherent costs of doing so can escalate the per site budget of a branch WAN deployment.  To use service chaining, a resilient pair of virtualised (can be physical, if required) service appliances are provisioned in a centralised public or private cloud instance. Traffic is then seamlessly redirected from a TLOC by a per-VPN service chaining policy to the relevant service appliance. This action allows the service appliance to inspect or load balance the traffic before sending it on to the destination TLOC. The service chaining policy is pushed to the TLOC using OMP from the vSmart. When a service chaining policy requires the traffic to be rerouted to a service, the policy on the vSmart controller changes the next hop for the OMP routes to the service landing point. In this way, the traffic is first processed by the service before being routed to its final destination.  The service chaining policy can reference multiple virtual services appliances, and in combination with orchestration and cloud management technologies, can provision a new firewall service. So, for example if a firewall site exceeds its capacity, it can automatically add a new service to the service chaining policy with a more preferential weighting if required. Similarly, services can be deployed as part of an orchestration workflow, whereby the VPN and service chaining policies use an API to build both the SD-WAN and services layer as part of a single automated provision.  Here are some examples of use cases for rerouting a traffic flow through a service or chain of services:    A traffic flow from a less secure region of a network must pass through a service, such as a firewall, or through a chain of services to ensure the integrity of the data.

  For a network that consists of multiple VPNs, each representing a function or an organisation, traffic between VPNs must traverse through a service, such as a firewall, or through a chain of services. For example, in a campus, inter-site traffic might go through a firewall, while intra-site traffic might be routed directly.

  Certain traffic flows must traverse a service, such as a load balancer, which can then distribute traffic evenly to the relevant service front end.    Figure 1. Service Chaining    Figure 1. illustrates how service chaining works in the SD-WAN solution. The network shown has a centralized vEdge hub router that is connected to two branches, each with a vEdge router. The standard network design implements a control policy such that all traffic from branch site one to branch site two travels through the vEdge hub router. Sitting behind the hub router is a firewall device. So now, assume we want all traffic from site one to site two to first be processed by the firewall. Traffic from the vEdge router at site one still flows to the vEdge hub router, but instead of sending it directly to site two, the hub router redirects the traffic to the firewall device. When the firewall completes its processing, it returns all cleared traffic to the hub, which then passes it along to the vEdge router at site two.                                                 Book your free one-to-one         Get answers to your most critical Software Defined Networking questions         Compare SDN to traditional networks to discover whether it\'s right for your business with&nbsp; our Cisco Certified Internetwork Expert, Adrian Skinner.                    Book your free one-to-one now                                                                         Sign up to the mailing list Keep up to date with the latest news, insights & events                             Join mailing list                                                                           Expertise                                        Collaboration                           Intelligent Workspace                           Enterprise Networking                           Data Centre & Cloud                           Secure Workplace                                                                                Services                                              Consulting Services                               Technical Services                               Project Services                               Managed Services                                                                              Knowledge            GuidesWhite PapersCase Studies                                     Industries            FinancePublic SectorRetailLegal                                     Company            AboutBlogCareersContactPolicies &amp; Statements                                         Social                            LinkedIn                Twitter                                                                                                                                             &copy; Forfusion 2021
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			'plain_text_content' => '  	 		 		               		White Paper: ACI (SDN for your Data Centre) De-mystified 		 				   						   						   							 			 				   						   						                                                                        	 	           		 		 		 		 		                                                      	      	   	                       	 	 	                                      				                                                                 				                        ExpertiseServicesInsightsCase StudiesContactSearch                                                                                                          				                                         Expertise CollaborationIntelligent WorkspaceEnterprise NetworkingData Centre &amp; CloudSecure WorkplaceServices Consulting ServicesTechnical ServicesProject ServicesManaged ServicesInsights GuidesWhite PapersCase StudiesContactSearch                                                                                                                                                           				                                                                    HomeInsightsWhite papersACI (SDN for your Data Centre) De-mystified                                                                              White Paper                   Series One2 of 3                           ACI (SDN for your Data Centre) De-mystified         A distilled overview of the concepts and terminologies that make up Application Centric Infrastructure (SDN for Data Centre) and more detail around how a Multi-Pod ACI implementation functions.                    Get white paper                                     In partnership with                                                               Get your White Paper     Enter your details below to receive your White Paper by email.                     First Name:                                Last Name:                                Email:                                Company:                                            I would like to receive the latest technology updates and notification of the next SDN white paper. Your data will be stored and handled in line with our Privacy policy                                              ACI (SDN for your Data Centre) De-mystified              Get White Paper                                                             White Paper 01            Intent Based Campus Fabrics with Software Defined Access                                                                       White Paper 02            ACI (SDN for your Data Centre) De-mystified                                                                       White Paper 03            SD-WAN Technical Concepts                                                                     What\'s included in this White Paper?                    A distilled overview of the concepts and terminologies that make up ACI (SDN for Data Centre) and more detail around how a Multi-Pod ACI implementation functions.    Specific concepts and terminologies explained  Overview of the different technologies involved  How do these technologies fit together?&nbsp;                                                                                            Download White Paper            Download our White Paper for an overview of the concepts and terminologies that make up Application Centric Infrastructure (SDN for Data Centre).                       Download                                                            Introduction                    How does Application Centric Infrastructure (ACI) coincide with the context of Local Area Networks (LAN) and Wide Area Networks (WAN)?  As a follow on from the previous software defined white paper, this white paper seeks to attempt to place Application Centric Infrastructure (ACI) terms and concepts into the context of traditional Local Area Network (LAN) and Wide Area Network (WAN) concepts. In this paper we will focus on general terms that crop up in ACI and how a Multi-Pod ACI implementation functions.  ACI Multi-Pod Deployment    &nbsp;                                                                                          Download White Paper            Download our White Paper for an overview of the concepts and terminologies that make up Application Centric Infrastructure (SDN for Data Centre).                       Download                                                            ACI Policy & Control Plane Concepts                    The Application Policy Infrastructure Controller (APIC) is the management and policy plane of ACI. It controls how each switch behaves within the network, which in ACI speak is known as a fabric. The functions of a fabric are based on a set of user created policies, which are usually referred to as the Policy Plane.  The APIC also controls the physical addressing of the switches from a Tunnel Endpoint (TEP) point of view. The APIC runs a Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) server that hands out addresses to the spine and leaf switches, it should be noted that APICs are connected to leaf switches. In Virtual Extensible LAN (VXLAN) a Virtual Tunnel Endpoint (VTEP) is used in the terminology to describe the VXLAN tunnel source and destination.  TEPs form the tunnel source and destination addresses to carry overlays  An Endpoint Group (EPG) is a collection of hosts (that can be micro-segmented) that live in a Bridge Domain, EPGs work in almost the same way as Security Group Tags (SGT) in TrustSec, in fact they do if you integrate Identity Services Engine (ISE) with ACI. Think of EPGs as static / dynamic groups in ISE or the policy part of Virtual Networks (VN) in Software Defined Access (SD-A). A Bridge Domain (BD) is just a Virtual LAN (VLAN) that share common layer 2 broadcast domains for the EPGs to talk to each other&nbsp;(or not). From a layer 3 perspective a BD can have associated subnet objects (it needs at least one, with the exception of a pure L2 VLAN) and needs to be in a Virtual Routing and Forwarding (VRF) instance. But both the VRF, BD and subnet are separate entities so you need to associate them with each other, it&rsquo;s common to have multiple BDs and subnets in a VRF, just like a traditional LAN.  A BD can be set to operate in flood mode for unknown unicast frames or in an optimised mode which eliminates flooding for these frames. When operating in flood mode, Layer 2 unknown unicast traffic is flooded over the multicast tree of the bridge domain (Group IP Outer (GIPo)). For the bridge domain to operate in optimised mode you should set it to hardware-proxy. In this case, Layer 2 unknown unicast frames are sent to the spine-proxy anycast VTEP address.  Each BD has associated a separate multicast group (GIPo) to ensure granular delivery of multi-destination frames only to the endpoints that are part of a given BD, as within the ACI fabric a BD is not a true broadcast domain like ethernet.                                                                                          Download White Paper            Download our White Paper for an overview of the concepts and terminologies that make up Application Centric Infrastructure (SDN for Data Centre).                       Download                                                            ACI Policy & Control Plane Concepts                    If IP routing is enabled in the BD, the mappingdatabase learns the IP address of the endpoints in addition to the MAC address. These are the supported Layer 3 Configurations for BDs:    Unicast Routing: If this setting is enabled and a subnet address is configured, the fabric provides the default gateway function and routes the traffic. Enabling unicast routing also instructs the mapping database to learn the endpoint IP-to-VTEP mapping for this BD. The IP learning is not dependent upon having a subnet configured under the BD.

  Subnet Address: This option configures the Switched Virtual Interface (SVI) IP addresses (default gateway) for the BD.

  Limit IP Learning to Subnet: This option is similar to a unicast reverse-forwarding-path check. If this option is selected, the fabric will not learn IP addresses from a subnet other than the one configured on the BD.    You can associate multiple subnets with a single BD, but just like with a traditional campus LAN, in practice though, it&rsquo;s normally a good idea to maintain a 1:1 relationship between BDs and Subnets.  A VRF is a process of logical segregation of the control and data planes. A VRF creates a separate instance of a routing table and control plane protocols (if any) that go along with it. It&rsquo;s usual to have multiple BDs and subnets in a single VRF, as grouping hosts and networks together that have a single purpose is advantageous from a scalability perspective.  In the APIC GUI a VRF is also called a &lsquo;context&rsquo; or &lsquo;private network&rsquo;  A BD that has an associated subnet has an anycast address that functions as the gateway for that BD, so the anycast gateway only does something when your traffic originates from one BD to another BD in the same VRF or between BDs in different VRFs.  It&rsquo;s common to have a single shared BD (VLAN) that has multiple EPGs, for example; a services BD that contains Network Load Balancers (NLB) and security appliances. The NLBs would be in the NLB EPG and the security appliances would be in the Security EPG, communication between these hosts in the different EPGs would require a contract.  A contract is the policy plane of ACI, EPGs can only communicate with other EPGs according to contract rules. Contracts select the type(s) of traffic that can pass between EPGs, including the protocols and ports allowed. If there is no contract, inter-EPG communication is disabled by default. There is no contract required for intra-EPG communication; intra-EPG communication is always implicitly allowed, contracts also allow EPGs to talk to L3 outs.  The options for a subnet under a BD or under an EPG are as follows:    Public &ndash; the subnet can be exported to a routed connection.

  Private &ndash; the subnet applies only within its tenant.

  Shared &ndash; the subnet can be shared with and exported to multiple VRFs in the same tenant or across tenants as part of a shared service. An example of a shared service is a routed connection to an EPG present in another VRF in a different tenant. This enables traffic to pass in both directions across VRFs. An EPG that provides a shared service must have its subnet configured under that EPG (not under a BD), and its scope must be set to advertised externally (which is a check box on the APIC), and shared between VRFs.

  Intra &ndash; EPG endpoint isolation policies provide full isolation for virtual or physical endpoints; no communication is allowed between endpoints in an EPG that is operating with isolation enforced. Isolation enforced EPGs reduce the number of EPG encapsulations required when many clients access a common service but are not allowed to communicate with each other, an isolation enforced EPG is basically a Private VLAN (PVLAN).                                                                                            Download White Paper            Download our White Paper for an overview of the concepts and terminologies that make up Application Centric Infrastructure (SDN for Data Centre).                       Download                                                            ACI Traffic & Data Plane Concepts                    L3 outs are a collection of settings that allows the fabric to talk to other networks (off fabric traffic), L3 outs are also technically VRFs, but seeing as they are point to point (are explicitly associated with a leaf, more usually with a Virtual Port Channel (vPC) pair of leaves for Multi-Chassis Port Channel (MCPC) they don&rsquo;t have to have an anycast SVI address.  L3 outs also require a special EPG called an external EPG. The routes injected into the fabric are placed into the VRF (associated with the sending / receiving BD / EPG) by Multiprotocol Broader Gateway Protocol (MBGP) with the spine acting as the route reflector (but MBGP only comes into play when a L3 out is used).  L3 outs can be any protocol supported by ACI, but it&rsquo;s always redistributed into MBGP inside the fabric. You can also have an L2 out as well, it&rsquo;s perfectly valid to stretch the BD outside of the fabric without an L3 out, in the case of an L2 out the VXLAN is decapsulated to just plain old ethernet when it egresses the L2 out on the leaf (leaf vPC pairs).  From a control plane perspective it looks like this:     Underlay = IS-IS  Intra fabric overlays (BDs, VRFs etc) within ACI = Council of Oracles Protocol (COOP)  Off fabric overlays (L3 outs) = MBGP (routes are redistributed into MBGP from the L3 out)  Interpod / intersite overlays = MBGP Ethernet Virtual Private Network (EVPN) From a data plane perspective: Underlay = ethernet / IP Overlays = VXLAN / IP    From a data plane perspective:    Underlay = ethernet / IP  Overlays = VXLAN / IP                                                                                            Download White Paper            Download our White Paper for an overview of the concepts and terminologies that make up Application Centric Infrastructure (SDN for Data Centre).                       Download                                                            4-Steps to LISP Tunnel Creation                    All overlay data planes send VXLAN encapsulated traffic between one tunnel endpoint and another, ACI refers to these as TEPs (or VTEPS), but really they&rsquo;re just loopback addresses used as the destination and source of the VXLAN tunnel.  COOP is the control plane for intra fabric communication in ACI. When a leaf receives an Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) from a host it looks inside the payload of the ARP packet and learns the IP of the host and copies it to its Local Station Table, and then reports this information to one of the spine switches (chosen at random) using the COOP. The spine switch that was chosen then relays this information to all the other spines so that every spine has a complete record of every endpoint in the system. The spines record the information learned via the COOP in the Global Proxy Table, and this information is used to resolve unknown destination MAC/IP addresses when traffic is sent to the Proxy address. COOP does not require MBGP to function.  A tenant is a logical grouping of all of the above, it&rsquo;s the container that contains the EPGs, VRFs, BDs, L3 outs, contracts, filters and application profiles. I also like to think of it as a super-VRF that creates a separate instance of the fabric (from a control plane / data plane perspective). Communication between tenants can occur if the BD or EPG are shared, a valid use of this concept is the shared tenant &lsquo;infra&rsquo; this can be used to share a single L3 out (normally to the internet, but can be any common outside network) so each tenant uses the shared infra L3 out, but the tenants do not talk to each other, this simplifies the infrastructure.                                                                                          Download White Paper            Download our White Paper for an overview of the concepts and terminologies that make up Application Centric Infrastructure (SDN for Data Centre).                       Download                                                            ACI Policy & Control Plane Concepts                    In ACI Multi-Pod it&rsquo;s a perfectly valid design to have a pod dedicated to external L3 outs, exclusively in its own tenant. ACI Multi-Pod is where the ACI fabric is stretched across multiple physical locations (this can be in the different data halls in the same Data Centre (DC) with separate Leaf and Spine switches, utilising the same APICs. ACI Multi-Pod shares the same APIC failure domain, that is to say all of the pods fate is shared with the policy and management plane.  ACI Multi-Pod is where the ACI fabric is stretched across multiple physical locations (this can be in the different data halls in the same Data Centre (DC) with separate Leaf and Spine switches, utilising the same APICs. ACI Multi-Pod shares the same APIC failure domain, that is to say all of the pods fate is shared with the policy and management plane. ACI Multi-Pod requires an independent network to provide a means of communication, this network is referred to as the IPN (inter POD network). The IPN is not managed by the APIC and can include any switches that support the required features.  The IPN is required to support DHCP relay (the target is the APIC) so additional pods can be discovered, it is required to support jumbo frames and uses Open Shortest Path (OSPF) to peer with the spine switches. The IPN is required to support IP Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM) (sparse mode) to allow the flow of BUM (broadcast, unknown unicast and multicast) traffic (the GIPo of the bridge domain is mapped to a multicast group), which is why the final requirement is that the IPN is required to support PIM Bi-Directional PIM (Bidir) for the GIPo addresses mapped to multicast groups; in reality the internal GIPo addresses are multicast addresses, therefore the mapping is usually 1:1.  IP PIM Bidir is required so that a single multicast tree is used for all multicast groups, Bidir limits the PIM process to mapping the specified multicast groups (the GIPo addresses for all BD&rsquo;s) to the (* , G) shared tree. This way multiple inter pod BDs do not require multiple (S , G) trees to be built to support interpod BUM traffic. When a BD spans multiple pods, a random spine in the pod will become the designated sender and the spine switch then sends an Internet Group Membership protocol (IGMP) join message to the IPN node for the BD GIPo multicast group. When BUM traffic is sent between BDs in different PODs, it is encapsulated into VXLAN with a destination of the multicast group address. It is then multicast routed across the IPN to the designated receiving spine switch, and then sent to the fabric internal GIPo address associated with the BD.                                                 Book your free one-to-one         Get answers to your most critical Software Defined Networking questions         Compare SDN to traditional networks to discover whether it\'s right for your business with&nbsp; our Cisco Certified Internetwork Expert, Adrian Skinner.                    Book your free one-to-one now                                                                         Sign up to the mailing list Keep up to date with the latest news, insights & events                             Join mailing list                                                                           Expertise                                        Collaboration                           Intelligent Workspace                           Enterprise Networking                           Data Centre & Cloud                           Secure Workplace                                                                                Services                                              Consulting Services                               Technical Services                               Project Services                               Managed Services                                                                              Knowledge            GuidesWhite PapersCase Studies                                     Industries            FinancePublic SectorRetailLegal                                     Company            AboutBlogCareersContactPolicies &amp; Statements                                         Social                            LinkedIn                Twitter                                                                                                                                             &copy; Forfusion 2021
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Discover how                                                                                Book Consultation       Simply enter your details below and we’ll contact you to arrange your free 30 minute consultation.                Full Name*Email Address*Company*Job Title*I would like to recieve the latest news and insights from Forfusion.Book now                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 Digital transformation for enterprises           We proudly deliver Tier 1 services through market-leading technologies, highly-skilled, accredited professionals and a commitment to your ongoing business requirements.                                                                                                Consulting Services                We work closely with you, combining technology and business objectives to facilitate change, improve ROI and mitigate transformational risk.                              View service                                                                                                             Technical Services                Our security-cleared, multi-disciplined team consistently delivers dependable and robust solutions in extremely secure and challenging environments.                              View service                                                                                                                                    Project Services                We take pride in delivering your project on time and in budget, whilst meeting commercial objectives and exceeding expectations.                              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Discover more                                                                                                                                                 Browse our latest in-depth guides                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                The Definitive Guide to Zero Trust Security                          Read time: 10 mins                         In this definitive guide to Zero Trust Security, we\'ll discuss the concept of Zero Trust, what it means architecturally and how it applies to your business.                         Read guide                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             The Definitive Guide to Wireless Networking (Wi-Fi)                          Read time: 21 mins                         In this guide, you’ll discover what a Wi-Fi or Wireless Network actually is, how a Wi-Fi Wireless Network works, what the three types of Wi-Fi Wireless Network are - and much more.                           Read guide                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             The Definitive Guide to Software Defined Networking                          Read time: 22 mins                         In this guide to Software Defined Networking (SDN), we’ll describe the concept of SDN, including why it has been developed, how the various technologies work together and the new ways in which it can be used to improve the deployment and operation of your network.                          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			'excerpt' => 'The industries that define our lives including healthcare, transportation, finance, retail, manufacturing and many others are rapidly changing. It’s inspirational, motivating and unstoppable.',
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			'plain_text_content' => '  	 		 		               		White Paper: Intent Based Campus Fabrics With Software Defined Access 		 				   						   						   							 			 				   						   						                                                                        	 	           		 		 		 		 		                                                      	      	   	                       	 	 	                                      				                                                                 				                        ExpertiseServicesInsightsCase StudiesContactSearch                                                                                                          				                                         Expertise CollaborationIntelligent WorkspaceEnterprise NetworkingData Centre &amp; CloudSecure WorkplaceServices Consulting ServicesTechnical ServicesProject ServicesManaged ServicesInsights GuidesWhite PapersCase StudiesContactSearch                                                                                                                                                           				                                                                    HomeInsightsWhite papersIntent Based Campus Fabrics with Software Defined Access                                                                              White Paper                   Series One1 of 3                           Intent Based Campus Fabrics with Software Defined Access         The industries that define our lives including healthcare, transportation, finance, retail, manufacturing and many others are rapidly changing. It’s inspirational, motivating and unstoppable.                    Get white paper                                     In partnership with                                                               Get your White Paper     Enter your details below to receive your White Paper by email.                     First Name:                                Last Name:                                Email:                                Company:                                            I would like to receive the latest technology updates and notification of the next SDN white paper. Your data will be stored and handled in line with our Privacy policy                                              Intent Based Campus Fabrics with Software Defined Access              Get White Paper                                                             White Paper 01            Intent Based Campus Fabrics with Software Defined Access                                                                       White Paper 02            ACI (SDN for your Data Centre) De-mystified                                                                       White Paper 03            SD-WAN Technical Concepts                                                                     What\'s included in this White Paper?                    An explanatory overview of the features and functions of an intent-based software-defined campus LAN, simplifying the differences between traditional networking and SDN (Software Defined Networking).    Introduction to the concepts and terminologies  Overview of its application  What are the benefits of this technology?                                                                                            Download White Paper            Download our White Paper to gain insight into the features and functions of Intent Based Campus Fabrics with Software Defined Access.                       Download                                                            Introduction                    What&rsquo;s the difference between a traditional campus LAN and Cisco&rsquo;s Software-Defined Access (SD-Access)?  Following on from an article that we wrote regarding the differences between Catalyst IOS and NX-OS, this is the first in a series that seeks to simplify the differences between traditional networking and SDN (software defined networking).  Automation &amp; Orchestration  The first and most significant difference is automation and orchestration. Traditionally a LAN implementation, for example, would require low-level configuration of each and every device that comprises the LAN, which can be a laborious process, and it also means that any subsequent changes need to be made to each device. With SD-Access, network configuration is automatic and based upon a single policy that governs how the network will behave. Changes and additions are also automatic, with the changes to the policy being passed down to the devices by a controller.  Another important point is that SD-Access unifies both wired and wireless access together, whereby the same policies are propagated to both wired and wireless access networks at the same time.  A network policy controller (3rd party provisioning tools notwithstanding) is not a brand new concept in networking; however, the way that it&rsquo;s implemented for Cisco SD-Access is. The main principles of SD-Access operation are as follows:

    SD-Access uses Cisco DNA Center to manage, monitor and implement network policies, the policies themselves are used to generate configurational changes, and then pass these changes to each of the devices either by direct SSH access or by a Restful API call.

  SD-Access uses an automatically built underlay network using IS-IS as its control plane, the network automatically builds the underlay based on the initial policy.

  Fabric edge nodes are analogous to access layer switches, they allow the end hosts to connect to the network.

  Fabric border nodes are analogous to distribution / core switches, they allow the end hosts to talk to IP networks outside of the fabric, such as a data centre or the internet.

  Security policies for the end hosts are defined in Active Directory (AD) or a combination of AD and Cisco Identity Services Engine (ISE). 802.1X is then used to authenticate devices wishing to join the network.

  Both wired and wireless access can utilise the same policies and be controlled by the same instance of DNA Center, allowing the two technologies to be controlled in the same way, with the same policies.      SD-Access Diagram  A diagram detailing the components of SD-Access is shown below, the main points to note are:    Communication between hosts and outside networks is implemented by the use of overlays. When traffic from a source is permitted to talk to a destination an overlay is built to carry this traffic.

  The overlays are implemented using LISP encapsulated into VXLAN. LISP and VXLAN function to tunnel the traffic between fabric edge nodes and from edge nodes to border nodes.

  There are two types of overlays used, a layer 3 overlay when traffic needs to be routed and a layer 2 overlay when traffic needs to stay within the same broadcast domain.

  A layer 3 overlay is used to send traffic outside of the fabric, such as the internet or a data centre.

  A layer 2 overlay is used to send traffic between two hosts and is roughly analogous to a VLAN.                                                                                            Download White Paper            Download our White Paper to gain insight into the features and functions of Intent Based Campus Fabrics with Software Defined Access.                       Download                                                            Non SD-Access                    If we consider a typical (non SD-Access) topology from an endpoint perspective, a physical topology would look something like the following diagram.    However from a logical standpoint, the following diagram shows the overlay network running on top of the underlay network. As you can see the logical topology has been greatly simplified.    The overlay in this example could support any of the following protocols it doesn&rsquo;t just have to be LISP with VXLAN encapsulation (which are specific to Cisco&rsquo;s implementation of SD-Access);    GRE or mGRE  MPLS or VPLS  VRF lite  L2TPv3  IPSEC or DMVPN    The control plane for LISP is effectively the equivalent of DNS, where an end host location is registered to a mapping server, and a lookup is performed against the mapping server to find the associated router when a host wants to communicate with it. The mapping server role can be colocated with a data plane LISP router but for scalability, it doesn&rsquo;t have to be.  Summary of LISP  There are multiple roles and terminologies for devices that participate in LISP, they are summarised below:  LISP infrastructure devices    ITR (Ingress Tunnel Router) is deployed as a CE (customer edge) device. It receives packets from site-facing interfaces, and either encapsulates packets to remote LISP sites or natively forwards packets to non-LISP sites.

  ETR (Egress Tunnel Router) is deployed as a CE device. It receives packets from corefacing interfaces and either decapsulates LISP packets or natively delivers non-LISP packets to local EIDs at the site. The LISP specification does not require that a device perform both ITR and ETR functions, however.

  xTR It is common for LISP site edge devices to implement both ITR and ETR functions. When this is the case, it is referred to as an xTR.

  MS (Map-Server) is deployed as a LISP Infrastructure component. It configures the LISP site policy for LISP ETRs that register to it. Including the EID prefixes for which registering ETRs are authoritative. Map-Servers receive Map-Register control packets from ETRs.

  MR (Map-Resolver) is deployed as a LISP Infrastructure device. It receives Map-Requests encapsulated to it from ITRs. Map-Resolvers also send Negative Map-Replies to ITRs in response to queries for non-LISP addresses.    LISP logical terminology    EID (Endpoint ID) an EID is used to represent the IP address of the end host, and EID and associated RLOC are included in the ETR map register request.

  RLOC (Routing Locator) an RLOC is an IPv4 or IPv6 address of an ETR. An RLOC is the output of an EID-to-RLOC mapping lookup (ITR map request and map-reply).    LISP Interworking Devices    PxTR (Proxy ITR / ETR) is a LISP Infrastructure device that provides connectivity between non-LISP sites and LISP sites. This not only facilitates LISP/non-LISP interworking, but also allows LISP sites to see LISP ingress traffic engineering benefits from non-LISP traffic.                                                                                            Download White Paper            Download our White Paper to gain insight into the features and functions of Intent Based Campus Fabrics with Software Defined Access.                       Download                                                            4-Steps to LISP Tunnel Creation                    There are effectively 4-steps to LISP tunnel creation, and these are summarised below:    &nbsp;  4-Steps to LISP Tunnel Creation  &nbsp;                                                     Book your free one-to-one         Get answers to your most critical Software Defined Networking questions         Compare SDN to traditional networks to discover whether it\'s right for your business with&nbsp; our Cisco Certified Internetwork Expert, Adrian Skinner.                    Book your free one-to-one now                                                                         Sign up to the mailing list Keep up to date with the latest news, insights & events                             Join mailing list                                                                           Expertise                                        Collaboration                           Intelligent Workspace                           Enterprise Networking                           Data Centre & Cloud                           Secure Workplace                                                                                Services                                              Consulting Services                               Technical Services                               Project Services                               Managed Services                                                                              Knowledge            GuidesWhite PapersCase Studies                                     Industries            FinancePublic SectorRetailLegal                                     Company            AboutBlogCareersContactPolicies &amp; Statements                                         Social                            LinkedIn                Twitter                                                                                                                                             &copy; Forfusion 2021
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Discover how                                                                                Book Consultation       Simply enter your details below and we’ll contact you to arrange your free 30 minute consultation.                Full Name*Email Address*Company*Job Title*I would like to recieve the latest news and insights from Forfusion.Book now                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 Digital transformation for enterprises           We proudly deliver Tier 1 services through market-leading technologies, highly-skilled, accredited professionals and a commitment to your ongoing business requirements.                                                                                                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View service                                                                                                             Managed Services                We offer a 24/7 Network Operations Centre and an array of collaboration and communication solutions from market-leading vendors.                              View service                                                                                                                                   Collaboration               Perfect your client relationships, accelerate decision-making and improve productivity with remote working initiatives.                                                               Discover more                                                                                                                                                                         Intelligent Workspace               Reduce costs, increase agility and benefit from company governance with the consistent and user-friendly design of digital devices.                                                               Discover more                                                                                                                                                                         Enterprise Networking               Provide the infrastructure to encourage fast, secure and reliable access from anywhere, anytime.                                                                Discover more                                                                                                                                                                         Data Centre & Cloud               Save time and money by ensuring a consistent approach and working smarter with flexible workloads and resources.                                                               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Discover more                                                                                                                                                 Browse our latest in-depth guides                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                The Definitive Guide to Zero Trust Security                          Read time: 10 mins                         In this definitive guide to Zero Trust Security, we\'ll discuss the concept of Zero Trust, what it means architecturally and how it applies to your business.                         Read guide                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             The Definitive Guide to Wireless Networking (Wi-Fi)                          Read time: 21 mins                         In this guide, you’ll discover what a Wi-Fi or Wireless Network actually is, how a Wi-Fi Wireless Network works, what the three types of Wi-Fi Wireless Network are - and much more.                           Read guide                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             The Definitive Guide to Software Defined Networking                          Read time: 22 mins                         In this guide to Software Defined Networking (SDN), we’ll describe the concept of SDN, including why it has been developed, how the various technologies work together and the new ways in which it can be used to improve the deployment and operation of your network.                          Read guide                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         Arrange your 30-minute consultation           Transform your business today           Book a consultation                                                                          Sign up to the mailing list Keep up to date with the latest news, insights & events                             Join mailing list                                                                           Expertise                                        Collaboration                           Intelligent Workspace                           Enterprise Networking                           Data Centre & Cloud                           Secure Workplace                                                                                Services                                              Consulting Services                               Technical Services                               Project Services                               Managed Services                                                                              Knowledge            GuidesWhite PapersCase Studies                                     Industries            FinancePublic SectorRetailLegal                                     Company            AboutBlogCareersContactPolicies &amp; Statements                                         Social                            LinkedIn                Twitter                                                                                                                                             &copy; Forfusion 2021
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SD-WAN Technical Concepts

Series One
3 of 3 | in partnership with

This third white paper in the series on Software Defined (SD) technologies aims to cover in more detail some of the technical terms used, what these actually mean, the concepts they cover and how they fit together in the SD landscape.

Read guide

ACI (SDN for your Data Centre) De-mystified

Series One
2 of 3 | in partnership with

A distilled overview of the concepts and terminologies that make up Application Centric Infrastructure (SDN for Data Centre) and more detail around how a Multi-Pod ACI implementation functions.

Read guide

Intent Based Campus Fabrics with Software Defined Access

Series One
1 of 3 | in partnership with

The industries that define our lives including healthcare, transportation, finance, retail, manufacturing and many others are rapidly changing. It’s inspirational, motivating and unstoppable.

Read guide

Arrange your 30-minute consultation

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